WASHINGTON, D.C. -- "Much more dramatic and rapid" debt reduction in many of the world's poorest countries is urgently needed to free up funds needed to fight public health disasters such as HIV/AIDS and malaria that are now plaguing many of those nations, says international development specialist Jeffrey Sachs.

Speaking to reporters in a May 2 media conference call arranged by a private group, Sachs, who directs the Center for International Development at Harvard University, said the international community is making a "huge mistake" by placing the leadership for debt relief programs such as the HIPC (Highly Indebted Poor Countries) Initiative inside international financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

Supervision of debt relief programs to help combat diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria "really does belong with the World Health Organization, UNICEF, and with other agencies that can focus urgently and with know-how on the real needs of the poorest people to save their lives," Sachs said.

"Somehow, we have assigned this task to a financial institution whose expertise is interest rates and exchange rate management and balance of payments and not the social emergencies that this program is meant to address. ...

"This is really structurally part of the problem of why we simply can't move forward" on the issue of "deeper, faster, and broader debt relief," he told reporters.

Reviewing the HIV/AIDS pandemic, Sachs said it has been "running virtually without control and ... international donor support for nearly 20 years." (Since 1986, the United States has spent more than $1,000 million fighting HIV/AIDS in Africa.)

About 95 percent of the HIV/AIDS cases in the developing world, he said, are made up of the 23 million people on the African continent who are now infected with the virus. About 2.2 million people died of AIDS in Africa in 1999, he said, while estimating that around 25 percent of the adult population in many of the affected African countries is now infected by HIV. Such statistics, he said, reveal an epidemic of "shocking proportion."

Sachs credited the Clinton administration for correctly recognizing that the HIV/AIDS outbreak, especially in Africa, now poses national security risks to the United States, as acknowledged by the White House on May 1.

But Sachs went on to criticize the international funding effort to combat HIV/AIDS as being "remarkably meager" in both organizational and financial terms.

"It looks as if the total spending by the concessional lending arm of the World Bank -- which lends to the poorest countries on HIV/AIDS projects -- was about $340 million between 1986 and 1998. When you look at what that means for average spending per African per year, the astounding result of that calculation is about four cents per African per year.

"This," he said, is a "stunning level of neglect," which only amounts to about $26 million in assistance per year.

The problem with all debt relief initiatives, Sachs explained, is that there is "wonderful rhetoric but very little delivery."

Sachs cited publicly available information from the IMF, which shows that an enhanced HIPC program has delivered "extremely limited resources" to date.

(The HIPC initiative was first launched in September 1996. Four countries, Bolivia, Guyana, Mozambique, and Uganda, completed the original HIPC program and obtained relief on their debt service payments and their stock of debt was reduced.

Last June, the G-7 at their summit in Cologne called for changes in the HIPC program. In September, the World Bank and IMF launched the enhanced HIPC program, which is intended to make the benefits of debt relief available faster and which places a greater emphasis on poverty reduction. Currently, five countries, including three that benefited from the earlier HIPC program, have completed the first step of the enhanced program and reached the so-called "decision point," according to the IMF. They are Bolivia, Mauritania, Mozambique, Tanzania and Uganda.

The enhanced HIPC program involves two phases: the first leads to the decision point, the second to the program's completion point.)

"Five of the 40 countries on the HIPC list have secured commitments for debt relief under the enhanced HIPC framework: Tanzania, Mozambique, Mauritania, Uganda, and Bolivia. Of these five," he said, "only one country, Uganda, has reached a 'completion point' at which time debt relief ... is transferred into debt cancellation," or written off the books.

Concluding, Sachs said "Debt forgiveness that lives up to its deeper, faster, and broader promise, would be decisive in addressing the social priorities, such as HIV/AIDS, facing the HIPC countries.

WASHINGTON, D.C. -- As part of the Clinton Administration's ongoing efforts to assist countries affected by Hurricane Mitch, Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) Commissioner Doris Meissner announced today the extension of Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for Honduras and Nicaragua for a period of 12 months until July 5, 2001.

This extension covers an estimated 100,000 Hondurans and 6,000 Nicaraguans who have already applied for TPS. The re-registration period begins upon publication in the Federal Register, which is expected early next week, and continues for 30 days from that date.

"While these countries have begun the process of recovering from the devastation of Hurricane Mitch, severe disruption to the living conditions continues. This decision reflects the Administration's continued commitment to provide assistance to the countries devastated by Hurricane Mitch," Meissner said.

Hondurans and Nicaraguans currently registered under TPS who desire an extension must re-register by filing both the TPS application (Form I-821) and an application for employment authorization (Form I-765) with an INS Service Center. For re-registration, there is no fee for Form I-821. However, a $100 fee must accompany Form I-765 if an applicant requests employment authorization. If the applicant does not require employment authorization or already has employment authorization, Form I-765 is still required but no fee is necessary. These forms are available from the toll-free INS Forms line, 1-800-870-3676, and from the INS Web site, <http://www.ins.usdoj.gov>.

An applicant may request a waiver of TPS-related application fees by submitting proper documentation of inability to pay.

This extension does not allow Nicaraguans or Hondurans who entered the United States after Dec. 30, 1998, to file for TPS. This extension covers only Nicaraguans and Hondurans who have been continually present in the United States as of Jan. 5, 1999, and who have continually resided in the United States since Dec. 30, 1998, unless they are eligible for late initial registration. An extension of TPS does not change the required dates of continuous physical presence and residence in the United States.

However, late initial registration is possible in some circumstances. In order to qualify for late initial registration, applicants must meet the original continuous physical presence and residency requirements and they must demonstrate that during the initial registration period they:

-- Were in a valid non-immigrant status, or had been granted voluntary departure, or any relief from removal;

-- Had an application for change of status, adjustment of status, asylum, voluntary departure, or any relief from removal pending or subject to further review or appeal; or

-- Were the spouse or child of an alien currently eligible to be a TPS registrant.

Applications for late initial registration must be submitted no later than 60 days form the expiration or termination of the alien's previous status.

Section 244 of the Immigration and Nationality Act authorizes the Attorney General to grant TPS to aliens in the United States who are nationals of countries where armed conflict, natural disaster or other extraordinary conditions have created a temporary situation to which return is either unsafe or unfeasible.

WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs Timothy Geithner says the Clinton administration seeks further reforms at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, but disagrees with some of the recommendations of a recent congressional commission report on international financial institutions (IFIs).

"We believe that the main recommendations, if implemented as described in the majority report, would fundamentally weaken these institutions to the point where they would no longer be effective in advancing our core values and interests around the world," said Geithner. He made his comments at an April 27 hearing of the Senate Banking Subcommittee on International Trade and Finance.

Geithner, testifying about the administration's proposals for reforming the IFIs, reviewed the disagreements and agreements with the International Financial Institution Advisory Commission report released in March.

Congress created the commission in November 1998, following the financial crises in Russia and Asia where the IMF was heavily involved, to examine the performance and policies of the IMF and the other IFIs.

Geithner criticized certain commission recommendations that would give the IMF a more narrowly defined role. He cited recommendations that countries would have to meet certain pre-qualifications to receive IMF assistance and that there would be fewer conditions placed on the loans the IMF made.

He also criticized the report's findings on the World Bank, including a commission recommendation that the Bank stop lending to emerging market economies, concentrate its resources on the poorest countries and to shift the IFIs concessional assistance from loans to grants.

The Treasury will be releasing a response to the commission report, probably in June.

A United Nations investigation in Guatemala has revealed that "there are many children in prostitution in the country, most of them between the ages of 15 and 17. (And that) many of the minors became caught up in the prostitution whilst trying to travel north to the United States." The findings form part of an investigation by Ofelia Calceta-Santos, Special Rapporteur on the Sale of

Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography to the United Nations.

The investigation, made by the special U.N. expert following a two-week visit to the Central American country in July 1999, paints a bleak picture of the commercial sexual exploitation of children in Guatemala, where the police estimate that "over 2,000 girls and boys are being exploited in over 600 brothels in the capital alone."

The report, which was recently presented to the U.N. Commission on Human Rights, reports that the special rapporteur was able to see for herself "very young children soliciting in the streets" during a night time tour organized by Casa Alianza / Covenant House Latin America. In one brothel, noted in the investigation, in the capital girls as young as 8 and 12 are being sexual exploited through prostitution.

Another geographical area investigated by the Special Rapporteur was Tecum Uman in the department of San Marcos, where most of the people there interviewed by Calceta-Santos admitted to the existence of child prostitution. The investigation reveals that approximately 450 women and girls are involved in prostitution in Tecum Uman, 25 percent of whom are minors and where many are "forced to work in bars and are manipulated by bar owners."

In the department of Escuintla, the problem of commercial sexual exploitation of children is reported to be "rampant." In one example listed in the Special Rapporteur's report, "there are mothers who take their 8- to 12-year-old daughters to a men's jail twice a week on visiting days in order to offer them to prisoners as prostitutes."

Regrettably the report finds the official response to the phenomenon of commercial sexual abuse of children very poor or non-existent. The report states that despite attending the World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Stockholm in 1996, "no government agency has been given responsibility for follow up action." Similarly the report states that, "The local authorities consider it (commercial sexual exploitation of children) to be too big a problem to deal with, and do not know of any alternatives other than to arrest the children."

WASHINGTON, D.C. -- The State Department's top policy-maker for the Western Hemisphere is urging Hispanic Americans to become more involved in shaping and carrying out the U.S. goals of consolidating democracy, expanding economic opportunity and combatting transnational crime throughout the Americas.

"These goals are inextricably intertwined. If we fail on one front, we will eventually fail on all of them," Acting Assistant Secretary of State Peter Romero said in a speech to the Hispanic Council on International Relations conference held April 26 at the State Department.

Romero outlined the region's dramatic progress over the past two decades, but warned against complacency. "Democracy and free markets are still vulnerable in this region," he said.

Specific challenges mentioned by Romero included the need to build support for President Andres Pastrana's peace initiative in Colombia, the importance of "continued deep U.S. engagement in Haiti," and the ongoing struggle to spread the benefits of economic reform to all citizens of the Americas.

WASHINGTON, D.C. -- U.S. policy on debt relief for the poorest countries holds that the relief should be granted when it supports specific economic reform and poverty reduction programs, says Melinda Kimble, deputy assistant secretary of state for international finance and development.

As part of this policy, the United States has supported the World Bank/International Monetary Fund's (IMF) Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative, which establishes debt relief as part of a broader reform and poverty reduction strategy, Kimble said.

The argument for debt relief "has been that $180 million in less debt service means $180 million that can be spent on education," said Kimble, giving an example. "We have accepted that argument."

The recipient countries need to develop poverty reduction programs to show how they will use the freed-up funds, Kimble said. She cited World Bank President James Wolfensohn's recent reiteration of the need for conditionality at IMF/World Bank meetings concluding press conference April 17.

"HIPC debt forgiveness should be associated with poverty reduction strategies," Wolfensohn said. "There's no point in having debt forgiveness until there is a strategy to employ the money in an effective and a proper way for the use in poverty reduction efforts."

HIPC, the largest debt relief program for the poorest countries, was launched September 1996 as the first comprehensive effort to help those countries free themselves from unsustainable debt and debt payment burdens that consumed significant portions of their national governments' funds. The IMF has classified 40 nations as heavily indebted poor countries, 32 of them in sub-Saharan Africa.

The HIPC relief covers debts that poor countries owe to the IMF and the World Bank particularly the bank's affiliate, the International Development Association (IDA), which makes loans at below market rates to poorer countries. HIPC's debt relief programs move forward in coordination with actions in the Paris Club, where industrial country creditor governments meet with developing country debtors to negotiate the rescheduling and, in some cases, reduction of bilateral debts. The HIPC program also covers debts owed to regional financial institutions such as the African Development Bank, as well as non-Paris Club creditor countries and private lenders.

Four countries -- Bolivia, Guyana, Mozambique and Uganda -- completed the original HIPC program and obtained relief on their debt service payments and their stock of debt was reduced. Calculating the dollar amount benefits of debt relief vary depending on what is taken into consideration. However, when the debt relief programs were announced for these countries, the following amounts were given: Bolivia, $760 million in debt relief; Guyana, $410 million; Mozambique, $3,700 million; and Uganda, $650 million.

HIPC was enhanced last September following agreements reached at the Group of Seven industrialized countries' summit in Cologne last June. The "enhanced" program sets new criteria that make more countries eligible for the program and will make it possible to get faster and deeper debt relief.

Currently five countries, including three that benefitted from the earlier HIPC program, have completed the first step of the enhanced HIPC program and reached the so-called "decision point," according to the IMF. They are Bolivia, Mauritania, Mozambique, Tanzania and Uganda.

The enhanced HIPC process involves two phases: the first leads to the decision point, the second to the program's completion point.

In the first phase, countries that qualify for the HIPC program must implement reform programs supported by the IMF and World Bank and develop Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP). Countries normally must demonstrate a record of reform for three years, during which time they continue to receive assistance from international financial institutions (IFIs) and donor countries and debt relief from donor countries. The newly created Joint IMF/World Bank Implementation Committee will coordinate the work of the executive boards of the two agencies that must approve countries as having successfully reached their decision points.

At the decision point, the countries that have met the requirements under HIPC, including an approved PRSP, are eligible for reduction in their debt payments on loans provided by the IFIs -- the IMF and the World Bank, including the IDA,and regional financial institutions. Countries also go to the Paris Club where they negotiate substantial reductions on the payments on the debts they owe industrial country governments.

Mauritania and Tanzania have completed the decision point step, securing reduced payments on IFI debt and reduced bilateral debt payments through the Paris Club. Mozambique, while lacking a completed poverty reduction paper, went to the Paris Club because of extraordinary relief needed after severe flooding earlier this year.

Countries approaching the decision point are Senegal, Honduras and Guinea. Benin, Burkina Faso and Mali are also moving along in the process toward the decision point.

The duration of the second phase of the HIPC program depends on the successful implementation of structural policy reforms agreed to at the decision point, according to the IMF. Creditors are expected to continue to provide relief as countries work to meet the criteria for the completion point.

Uganda and Bolivia are both approaching their completion points. Uganda should reach its completion point soon, while Bolivia should get to it by the end of the year.

At the completion point, the countries are granted reduction of debt stock. The enhanced HIPC program calls for reducing the recipient country's debts owed to the IFIs, Paris Club creditors, other sovereign creditors, and private lenders. The United States intends to go beyond the levels of HIPC debt reduction by forgiving 100 percent of the bilateral debts owed to it by countries that complete the HIPC process.

Kimble said the U.S. debts canceled or reduced would include loans from the Export-Import Bank of the United States, some agricultural product sales and the U.S. Agency for International Development.

A possible obstacle ahead for the enhanced HIPC initiative is funding for the program. The U.S. must have an appropriation from Congress to pay for the debt it forgives under HIPC. Congress appropriated $110 million for this purpose for the current fiscal year, but more is needed. In addition, the IMF, World Bank, and regional financial institutions must have the financial resources in place to compensate for the cost of debt reduction. Recent Clinton administration requests for funding HIPC have not fared well in the U.S. Congress.

Clinton asked the Congress in January to approve $210 million in additional funds for HIPC and to grant permission for the IMF to fully use income from "off-market" sales of its gold reserves, which would help fund HIPC. This funding request was included in a large supplemental spending bill, which has since died in the legislative process.

The administration also asked for $150 million for HIPC and $75 million to reduce bilateral debts in the budget for fiscal year 2001, which begins Oct. 1. The administration is also seeking $375 million in advance appropriations for HIPC and bilateral debt reduction in 2002 and 2003. Only the most preliminary action has been taken on the fiscal year 2001 request.

If financing is not forthcoming, some HIPC programs will not be fully funded. Secretary of the Treasury Lawrence Summers has expressed concerns about Bolivia's debt relief program that will require compensating the Inter-American Development Bank.

Debt relief programs have opponents in the Congress, notably Representative Sonny Callahan, chairman of the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, which has jurisdiction over spending on debt reduction. Callahan has questioned whether debt relief is the most effective way to help poorer countries. In a recent hearing, Callahan told Summers that because of tight limits on foreign aid spending, funding for debt relief might come at the cost of less money for other foreign assistance programs.

Callahan also has asked if it might be appropriate to impose a moratorium on new lending to any country after it gets debt relief.

Kimble said that because HIPC beneficiary countries in general depend on the IDA and regional development banks for financing, they would need new lending.

WASHINGTON, D.C. -- A federal court decision undercuts the lifting of a U.S. embargo on tuna from Mexico, according to Clinton administration officials.

The court decision, which rejects the Clinton administration's interpretation of a law to protect dolphins, could delay two years or more a change in definition for "dolphin-safe" labels on cans of tuna sold in U.S. markets, administration officials say.

The ruling by a U.S. district court in California could prove a source of irritation with Mexico and other parties to a multilateral agreement requiring strict conservation measures for dolphins during tuna harvest made in exchange for a U.S. commitment to change the label definition.

The U.S. Department of Commerce lifted a longtime embargo against tuna from Mexico just April 12.

That decision is likely to have little effect, however. Under the court ruling handed down April 11, the earlier label definition goes back into force, at least for now. Because Mexican tuna does not qualify as dolphin-safe under that earlier definition, U.S. canners are unlikely to import much, administration officials say.

In a related development, environmental and animal rights groups have asked the U.S. Court of International Trade in New York to issue a preliminary injunction against lifting of the embargo.

The judge in the New York court indicated she would rule the week of April 16 on granting the injunction.

At issue in these cases is the practice, long banned for U.S. boats, of fishermen setting nets on dolphins in the eastern tropical Pacific to harvest the yellowfin tuna that always travel with the dolphins.

Hundreds of thousands of dolphins were slaughtered this way each year until the U.S. Congress passed a law banning imports of yellowfin harvested by encirclement. U.S. law also allowed dolphin-safe labels to appear on tuna cans sold in U.S. markets for tuna that was not harvested by encirclement.

Mexico brought and won preliminary rulings against the U.S. law in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the successor World Trade Organization (WTO).

In 1996 the United States and a number of harvesting countries made an agreement for reducing dolphin kills to near zero through safer encircling techniques enforced by onboard observers.

In exchange the United States agreed to change its definition of dolphin-safe to mean that the observer saw no dolphin killed or seriously injured in the harvest.

The agreement split the U.S. environmental community, but in 1997, after heated debate, Congress passed legislation implementing it. Secretary of Commerce William Daley effected the definition change just in February 2000.

U.S. District Court Judge Thelton Henderson in California ruled against Daley's decision, however. The judge's opinion said Daley acted before considering preliminary evidence from scientific research on the stress on dolphins from encirclement as mandated by the 1997 law.

The Commerce and Justice departments are considering whether to appeal the ruling. Unless the ruling is stayed or overturned on appeal, administration officials say, compliance with the research mandate could delay the change in definition two years or more.

"The United States cannot unilaterally protect dolphins from fishing practices on the high seas," Daley said in an April 12 press release expressing disappointment with the ruling.

"The only incentive that the international fishing fleet has is access to our markets," he said. "If they can't sell their tuna here, they'll sell it to countries that do not require the same labeling standards.

"And the environmental groups that support us also understand this concern, saying that international problems demand international solutions," he said.

The department said that Daley acted on the best information available. According to the department's interpretation, the 1997 law required Daley to change the definition because the early research evidence did not demonstrate that encirclement caused harmful stress to dolphins.

The department said continuing research will inform the decision of the secretary of commerce on the final determination on changing the definition. That final determination is required under the law some time from July 2001 to December 2002.

The environmental groups that won the case hailed Judge Henderson's ruling. "This is a tremendous rebuke to President Clinton, Vice President Gore, and the free-trade bureaucrats who sold out dolphin protections to accommodate a handful of foreign fishing companies who insist on killing dolphins in order to catch tuna," David Phillips of Earth Island Institute said in an April 11 press release.

Earth Island alleged that estimates of lower dolphin kills cited by the Clinton administration were "fabricated by observers who are either being bribed or intimidated aboard Mexican tuna vessels."

WASHINGTON, D.C. -- With the trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation now a worldwide problem, the International Human Rights Law Institute (IHRLI) at DePaul University College of Law in Chicago has launched a new study designed to examine the extent of the problem in Latin America.

"The lack of effective international instruments, domestic legislation and political will to halt the trafficking problem gives urgency to this nearly uncontrolled phenomenon," IHRLI President M. Cherif Bassiouni said at a recent press conference at the Organization of American States (OAS).

The research is necessary because official data are rare, he said. "Many governments do not keep track of people trafficked into the country. We get most of our information from non-governmental organizations," he told reporters.

Carmen Lomellin of the OAS Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM) added that "solid data from the study can be used to create policy recommendations to present to the OAS and other heads of state."

In a news release, the OAS indicated that the long-term goal is to bring about effective domestic legislation to stop the commercial sexual exploitation of women and children, and to create an inter-American convention that commits the countries of the hemisphere to end this type of human rights abuse.

The research will focus initially on Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico and Uruguay. Other countries may be added later.

Bassiouni said that early research suggests that many of the targeted are "younger women in rural areas, or ones [who] come from poor families." He added that members of criminal organizations mislead women and children into believing that they will receive help in finding jobs in domestic settings. Instead, they are taken to brothels where they are exposed to a host of dangers, including venereal diseases and the human immunodeficiency virus which causes AIDS.

Alejandro Bonasso of the Inter-American Children's Institute described the trafficking as a "new form of slavery." He said that many people are unaware of the problem, but that with the help of the media, public awareness may increase.

WASHINGTON, D.C. -- While world cereal production in 2000 is projected to reach 1,890 million metric tons, approximately 1 percent above production in 1999, output will likely not be sufficient to meet expected demand through 2001, a Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) report says.

"Larger outputs of wheat and coarse grains would more than offset an anticipated decline for rice after last year's record crop," the FAO "Food Outlook" report said. FAO released the report April 12 in Rome. A copy was obtained in Washington.

Wheat production is expected to rise by 1 percent to 595 million metric tons.

Coarse grains are expected to rise to 900 million metric tons in 2000, up from 876 million metric tons in 1999, but milled rice is expected to reach 395 million metric tons in 2000, down from 400 million metric tons in 1999, the FAO report said.

FAO said that if current production forecasts hold, output would not meet demand in 2000-01, and global cereal reserves would have to be drawn down for the second straight year.

"In North America, production is expected to fall, largely because less land is being sown with cereals," the report said. "In Africa, production is expected to remain constrained close to last year's reduced level because of poor weather conditions in the main wheat-producing countries of North Africa."

The FAO report said that only in Europe is a rise in production expected because of a significant expansion in plantings.

Global cassava production recovered in 1999, the FAO report said, resulting in an overall increase in food, feed and industrial utilization.

The report said that global milk production is forecast to increase slightly in 2000, but because of steady import demand, exportable supplies -- especially of milk powder -- could be in short supply. As a result, international milk prices are expected to rise in 2000, the report said.

The FAO report also said that nearly 16 million people are facing critical food shortages in eastern Africa, due largely to drought-induced crop and livestock losses. "Three years of little or no rain have left pastoralists in Ethiopia, Kenya and Eritrea on the verge of starvation," the report said.

In Asia, a quarter of the population of Mongolia has been left short of food by the worst winter weather in 30 years, the report said. However, the food situation is East Timor is expected to continue improving due mainly to international food aid and domestic food crops that will be harvested in the next few weeks, the report said.

The FAO report said that in Latin America food assistance is being provided in Cuba, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, El Salvador, Guatemala and Haiti.

"In Europe, about two million people have become impoverished and are in need of food aid as a result of the prolonged strife in the Balkans," the FAO report said.

A recovery in wheat production is likely in several Middle Eastern countries in 2000, the report said, after the drought-reduced output last year. "Conditions have improved in Jordan, Syria and Saudi Arabia with the recent arrival of rains," the FAO Food Outlook report said.

The FAO Food Outlook report is published five times a year by the Rome-based United Nations organization and provides a global perspective on the production, stocks and trade of cereals and other basic food commodities using analysis of trends and prospects.

The FAO Food Outlook report is available on the Internet at

<http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/
faoinfo/economic/giews/english/
fo/fo0004/HTTOC.htm>, or at <http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/
faoinfo/economic/giews/english/fo
/fo0004/fo0004.pdf>.